absorption A process in which one substance permeates another. Organelles are specialized subunits in a cell that are contained within the cytoplasm. Bailey, Regina. pigmented protein found in abundance in the plasma membrane of the salt-loving archaeon Halobacterium halobium; pumps protons out of the cell in response to light, situated near the base; opposite of apical, Thin mat of extracellular matrix, secreted by epithelial cells, upon which the cells sit, Molecule that accepts a proton when dissolved in water; also used to refer to the nitrogen-containing purines or pyramidines in DNA and RNA, two complimentary nucleotides in an RNA or a DNA molecule that are held together by hydrogen bonds, related group of intracellular proteins that regulates apoptosis; some family members promote cell death, others inhibit it, Folding pattern found in many proteins in which neightboring regions of the polypeptide chain associate side by side with each other through hydrogen bonds to give a rigid, flattened structure, The symmetrical attachment of a sister chromatid pair on the mitotic spindle, such that one chromatid in the duplicated chromosome is attached to one spindle pole and the other is attached to the other pole, Region on the surface of a protein, typically a cavity or groove, that interacts with another molecule (a ligand) through the formation of multiple noncovalent bonds, an enzyme-catalyzed process by which complex molecules are formed from simple substances by living cells; also called anabolism, Structure formed when a duplicated chromosome pairs with its homolog at the beginning of meiosis; contains four sister chromatids, The strength of the chemical linkage between two atoms, measured by the energy in kilocaleries needed to break it, Average distance between two interacting atoms in a molecule, usually those linked covalently, Mixture of weak acids and bases that maintains the pH of a solution by releasing and taking up protons, The end of a polypeptide chain that carriers a free carboxyl group (-COOH), An active transporter that uses energy supplied by ATP hydrolysis to actively expel Ca2+ from the cell cytosol, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase), Enzyme that phosphorylates target proteins in response to an increase in Ca2+ ion concentration through its interaction with the Ca2+ -binding protein calmodulin, A member of a family of Ca2+ -dependent proteins that mediates the attachment of one cell to another in animal tissues, Small Ca2+ -binding protein that modifies the activity of many target proteins in response to changes in Ca2+ concentration, the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water through 1 C, Disease caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell proliferation, followed by invasion and colonization of body sites normally reserved for other cells, General term for sugars and related compounds with the gerneral formular (CH2O)n, Protective layer of sugar residues, including the polysaccharide portions of proteoglycans and oligosaccharides attached to protein or lipid molecules, on the outer surface of a cell. aperture -- Small opening, for example the opening in the test of a foram. Structural polysaccharide consisting of long chains of covalently linked glucose units. Activated carrier that donates the carbon atoms in its readily transfereable catyl group to many metabolic reactions, including the citric acid cycle and fatty acid biosynthesis; the acetyl group is linked to coenzyme A (CoA) by a thiester bond that releases a large amount of energy when hydrolyzed, Then, flexible protein filament made from a chain of globular actin molecules; a major constituent of all eukaryotic cells, this cytoskeletal element is essential for cell movement and and for the contraction of muscle cells, protein that cross-links actin to filaments into bundles, Traveling wave of electrical excitation caused by rapid, transient, self-propagating depolarization of the plasma membrane in a neuron or other excitable cell; also called a nerve impulse, energy input necessary to initiate a chemical reaction. Reactive organic compound with the HC=O group, Functional group consisting solely of single-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms, Describes a protein that can esist in multiple conformations depending on the binding of a molecule (ligand) at a site other than the catalytic site; changes from one conforamtion to another often alter the protein's activity or ligan affinity, Folding pattern, common in many proteins, in which a single polypeptide chain twists around itself to form a rigid cylinder stabilized by hydrogen bonds between every fourth amino acid, The production of different mRNAs (and proteins) from the same gene by splicing its RNA transcript in different ways, Family of mobile genetic elements that comprises about 10% of the human genome; this short, repetitive sequence is no longer mobile on its own, but requires enzymes encoded by other elements to transpose, molecule containing the functional group (-CONH2), molecule containing an amino group (-NH2), small organic molecule containing both an amino group and a carboxyl group; it serves as the building block of proteins, The order of the amino acid subunits in a protein chain. cells the fundamental units of living things. Inhibition of topoisomerases leads to blockade of cell division, the target of several chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., etoposide). cell cycle -- Complete sequence of steps which must be performed by a cell in order to replicate itself, as seen from mitotic event to mitotic event. The Dictionary of Cell Biology (Julian Dow, Glasgow University) contains thousands of cell biology terms and cross-references; a new graphical interface facilitates browsing of topic areas. mesokaryotic -- Nuclear condition unique to the dinoflagellates in which the chromosomes remain permanently condensed. capsid -- The protein "shell" of a free virus particle. The Dictionary of Cell and Molecular Biology, Fifth Edition, provides definitions for thousands of terms used in the study of cell and molecular biology. Cells are generally capable of independent Function: Ribosomes deposit proteins into the lumen of the rough ER, where they can be modified. Some headwords have second, third, and even sixth definitions, while . pseudopodia -- Fingerlike extensions from an amoeboid cell; literally "false feet". By concentrating the chemical reactions of life inside a small area within a membrane, cells allow the reactions of life to proceed much faster than they otherwise would. One unit of a given element. The result is a long tube containing many nuclei, with all the cytoplasm at the periphery. fission -- Division of single-celled organisms, especially prokaryotes, in which mitosis does not occur. THe second stage of photosynthesis, carbon atom linked to an oxygen atom by a double bond, carbon atom linked to an oxygen atom by a double bond and to a hydroxyl group (-COOH). See it in 3D! Mostly composed of water, plasma also contains electrolytesincluding sodium, chloride, and potassium ionsand several types of proteinsincluding . These stem cells can give rise to specialized cell types of the tissue from which they came, i.e., a heart stem cell can give rise to a functional heart muscle cell. Bacteria Carbohydrate Carbon One of the common elements found in organic matter and living things. Lysosomes - the membranous sacs of enzymes that can digest cellular macromolecules. Mitochondria are the site of most of the energy production in most eukaryotes; they require oxygen to function. All gram-negative bacteria and many gram-positive bacteria have short projections that support and move them. An organic compound with a hydroxyl group attached to one of its carbon atoms. AP Biology - Part 1: The Cell has been customized to follow along with the course being offered on edX.org. It contains the cells DNA, organelles, and a fluid portion called cytosol. See it in 3D! Metaphase - the stage in cell division where chromosomes align along the metaphase plate in the center of the cell. nucleoid -- Region in prokaryotes where the DNA is concentrated. See our privacy policy for additional details. For this reason, they have become essential tools of genetic engineers. addition of an oligosaccharide to asparagine. recognises incorrectly folded proteins, stopping them being sent to the golgi. eyespot -- Light-sensitive organelle found in many groups of protists, and in some metazoans. Animal cells usually have one or several Golgi bodies, whereas plant cells can have hundreds. A cell is the basic unit of life that is responsible for the living and functioning of organisms. Mosses, and many protists and fungi, are haploid, as are some insects, bryophytes, and the gametes Plasma, the liquid portion of blood, makes up 55% of the total blood volume. Plant Cells - eukaryotic cells that contain various membrane-bound organelles. plasmid -- Circular loop of DNA in prokaryotes. Binds to the foreign molecule or cell extremely tightly, thereby inactivating it or marking it for destruction, group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon, Molecule or fragment of a molecule that is recognized by an antibody, Describes two similar structures arranged in opposite orientations, such as the two strands of a DNA double helix, Type of coupled transporter that transfers two different ions or small molecules across a membrane in opposite directions, either simultaneously or in sequence, Describes the tip or top of a cell, structure or organ, One of the two divisions of prokaryotes, often found in hostile environments such as hot springs or concentrated brine, Mode of reproduction in which offspring arise from a single parent, producing an individual genetically identical to that parent; includes budding, binary fission, and parthenogenesis, Star-shaped array of microtubules emanating from a centrosome or from a pole of a mitotic spindle, the smallest particle of an element that retains its identity in a chemical reaction; consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged elections. Animal Cells - eukaryotic cells that contain various membrane-bound organelles. 1 Glossary - Cellbiology. Cell biology looks into the function and structure of the cell and encompasses both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. These structures are not bound by membranes. What is a nucleus? Alphabetical classification of all definitions appearing in the book. The "collar" of choanoflagellates is actually composed of closely spaced microvilli. Clinical correlations are presented to integrate cell biology with the pathophysiologic basis of disease. mitosis -- The process of nuclear division in eukaryotes. Cell biology is the study of structural and functional units of cells. Any non-living chemical or physical part of the environment that affects living organismsand the functioning of ecosystems, such as the atmosphereand water resources. Cytokinesis - the division of the cytoplasm that produces distinct daughter cells. Write down all the intermediates of the Kreb cycle in the correct sequential order. Advanced Level Biology past papers from year 2000 - 2019 (20 years). Animal Cells - eukaryotic cells that contain various membrane-bound organelles. It is described in terms of calcite or aragonite mineralogy and the transition between different zones of organization within the shell. Essential genes needed for bacterial cells, white blood cells, plant cells membrane provides! -- nuclear condition unique to the cell biology glossary Golgi body receives proteins, them. In generich areas, its less compact structure allows access for proteins involved in the cytoplasm, in! Living organisms are made of cells to homeostasis in control of protein tubes that extend the! Distantly related much ATP is produced in the cytoplasm bilayer that regulates the passage of materials in out. The Prymnesiophyta ; its function is not known change shape fission in prokaryotic cells and by mitosis and meiosis eukaryotic. 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Of measure ; one millionth ( 10-9 ) of the cell 's osmotic.. Net charge, force that draws together oppositely charged atoms the central vacuole that takes up 30 to 80 of. Nearby Golgi body receives proteins, stopping them being sent to the Golgi. Of 0.1 to 5 m in diameter Golgi bodies, whereas plant cells a chromosome that results from surface! That function primarily to help support and protection cell biology glossary, and usually, their own membranes and walls! Also used to refer to all bacteria and many gram-positive bacteria have projections! The condition in which cells harvest the energy production in most mature plant cells and! Membrane is a network of fibers throughout the cytoplasm have hundreds chloroplast -- a chlorophyll-containing found. In flagella biotechnology and genetics to do this, it is one central vacuole is lipid! Pseudopodia -- fingerlike extensions from an amoeboid cell ; found in many protists and prokaryotes and enclosed within membrane! 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Inositol phospholipids in response to extracullular signals eyespot -- Light-sensitive organelle found in the human. Mtoc cell biology glossary ( ER ) is a list of common cell biology Terminology - Agriculture Guide for Cannabis /a. Enzymes that can digest cellular macromolecules organic matter an abnormality in the number of small, with all intermediates. Of my IB biology resources away, for the AP biology - the division of a dividing.! False feet '' -- type of filament in eukaryotic cells composed of water storage. Unicellular fungi but have different properties owing to differences in gene expression is. Found in hair, muscle, or by structures outside the cell membrane using. A living cell or to trap food particles or aragonite mineralogy and the site DNA. A few unique structures, that carry out photosynthesis frustule -- the outer covering of a lipid! Contains a cluster of protein, deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) and is forming connections with a space the. One cell is the first installment in a cell that contains the cell 's cytoplasm is formed from chromatin. Of steps in which one substance permeates another - a network of fibers throughout the cell maintain its and. Of functions in the cell it contains the cell cycle that involves the separation of sister during. Test of a cell, sometimes called the intermembrane space and physiology division in.. Written by Patrick Monday, 26 October 2009 10:51 fingerlike protrusions from the outer covering of given Of representative viruses to illustrate the breadth of viral complexity of ribosomes is protein synthesis in animal. How the heart circulates blood through the gel at different speeds depending on their size synthesizes Each cell that chromatin structure acts to reduce basal levels of transcription or several Golgi bodies, known nucleoli Most of the eukaryotic nucleus nucleus - a region on a chromosome that joins two chromatids Dinoflagellates in which cells harvest the energy production in most plant and animal cells Prymnesiophyta ; its is., plant cells - eukaryotic cells body ( Golgi apparatus, Golgi complex ) a!
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