Humor is a pan-cultural phenomenon but is also interculturally different. Little research has been conducted to systematically investigate the cultural differences in humor. A comparison of humor styles, coping humor, and mental health between Chinese and Canadian university students. Ideal partner preferences among adolescents. For Chinese, humor is a talent that exclusively belongs to experts and is not a desirable trait of their ideal personality. However, the result is highly contingent on the specific cultural dimensions valued in different cultural backgrounds. In this article, we reviewed how humor perceptions, humor usage, and the relationship between humor and psychological well-being index differed across cultures. Collins, J. D. (2016). In addition to common mental health issues reported by other women such as stress and fears, this group of women reported a wider array of problems. In addition to using survey methods to study the differences in humor across cultures, more efforts should be dedicated to investigating how specific culture dimensions influence humor perception, humor usage, and the relationship between humor and psychological well-being across cultures. (1992). Cross Cult. doi: 10.1515/humr.1994.7.2.111, Gao, G. (1998). For example, Hiranandani and Yue (2014) found that students from India and Hong Kong, both having cultures prizing collectivism, used more affiliative and self-enhancing humor than aggressive and self-defeating humor. The four types of humor have been found to be applicable in different countries, such as Canada, China, the United States, Lebanon, and Belgium (Saroglou and Scariot, 2002; Martin et al., 2003; Chen and Martin, 2007; Taher et al., 2008). Dir. Psychol. Specifically, in China, Confucianism has devalued humor. 22, 131146. The Big Five personality traits have been assessed in some non-human species but methodology is debatable. Keep in mind, too, that while personality does remain fairly stable over your life, its not entirely set in stone. J. Golimbet VE, et al. In one series of studies, human ratings of chimpanzees using the Hominoid Personality Questionnaire, revealed factors of extraversion, conscientiousness and agreeableness as well as an additional factor of dominance across hundreds of chimpanzees in The heritability of personality is not always 50%: Gene-environment interactions and correlations between personality and parenting. The effect of culture on thinking style of Chinese people. No significant relationship was found between aggressive humor and coping in Chinese students, indicating that Chinese are less likely to use aggressive humor as a coping strategy. 2005-2022 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. The numbers of people labeled "mentally ill", and in treatment, together with the severity of their conditions, have been going up primarily due to the direct efforts of the mental health movement, and mental health professionals, including psychiatrists, and not their detractors. Grimes J, et al. Will this be true for Easterners as well? Kalliny et al. Moreover, Westerners and Easterners have a parallel relationship between humor and psychological well-being index. Psychol. 33, 585596. Appraisal theory is the theory in psychology that emotions are extracted from our evaluations (appraisals or estimates) of events that cause specific reactions in different people. Psychol. Yue, X. D., and Hui, N. N. (2011). London: Cockerill. However, people from different cultural backgrounds may use them in different ways. Research on usage differences in the four types of humor across countries or regions indicates that Easterners tend to use more adaptive humor, while Westerners tend to use more maladaptive humor. Weve established that introversion isnt just another way to describe shyness, but plenty of other myths about introversion exist. Kuiper, N. A., and Martin, R. A. [99]:65, Under the Nazi regime in the 1940s, the "duty to care" was violated on an enormous scale. Humor and its implications for leadership effectiveness. Cultural difference in humor perception directly influences humor usage. In the US, beginning in 1939 through 1951, over 50,000 lobotomy operations were performed in mental hospitals, a procedure ultimately seen as inhumane.[31]. Together with lay reformers and social workers, neurologists formed the National Association for the Protection of the Insane and the Prevention of Insanity. A United Kingdom cross-party parliamentary inquiry into the influence of the pharmaceutical industry in 2005 concludes: "The influence of the pharmaceutical industry is such that it dominates clinical practice"[87] and that there are serious regulatory failings resulting in "the unsafe use of drugs; and the increasing medicalization of society". Some evidence suggests introverted people tend to have a greater sensitivity to negative evaluation and criticism. 10:123. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00123. Humor is an adaptive strategy with which individuals can survive severe competition (Wilson et al., 1977; Martin and Ford, 2018). J. Pers. [35] The psychoanalyst Erich Fromm is also said to have articulated, in the 1950s, the secular humanistic concern of the coming anti-psychiatry movement. That said, shyness and introversion represent two distinct traits. Some mostly introverted people might enjoy acting on stage or throwing parties, while people who identify as extroverts could still seek solitude from time to time, perhaps when they need to focus on a challenging project. Humor is universal but also culturally specific. Relationship between dopamine system genes and extraversion and novelty seeking. [77] The "nanny state" was punitive, austere, and authoritarian, the therapeutic state is touchy-feely, supportiveand even more authoritarian. Humour styles, personality, and well-being among Lebanese university students. The lower estimates include: Psychiatrists around the world have been involved in the suppression of individual rights by states in which the definitions of mental disease have been expanded to include political disobedience. She is also the author of Psychiatry and the Business of Madness (2015). The relationship among humor styles and creative thinking among Chinese students in Hong Kong. The contradictory characteristic of the Chinese thinking style makes Chinese behave in different manners from how they think, thus further blurring the relationship between maladaptive humor and psychological well-being. [32][33][34] The Nuremberg Trials convicted a number of psychiatrists who held key positions in Nazi regimes. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. [7] It was later noted that the view that insanity was not in most or even in any instances a "medical" entity, but a moral issue, was also held by Christian Scientists and certain Protestant fundamentalists, as well as Szasz. Other philosophies also impact Chinese attitudes toward humor (Yue, 2010, 2011). 25, 3642. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Fifty percent of those who develop this disorder have developed it by the age of 11, and 80% have developed it by age 20. (2020). 34, 107112. What really matters is that you feel comfortable with your personality and accept yourself as you are. Yue X. et al. Abel, M. H. (2002). Kaspi-Baruch O. J. [68] The study arranged for eight individuals with no history of psychopathology to attempt admission into psychiatric hospitals. [56][75][76]:70 According to Mike Fitzpatrick, resistance to medicalization was a common theme of the gay liberation, anti-psychiatry, and feminist movements of the 1970s, but now there is actually no resistance to the advance of government intrusion in lifestyle if it is thought to be justified in terms of public health. Globalization has brought massive changes in individuals psychology and culture. [118][119][unreliable source?]. Meanwhile, most hospitalized mental patients received at best decent custodial care, and at worst, abuse and neglect. North Am. YH and HL contributed additional writing. [134][135], In the clinical setting, the two strands of anti-psychiatrycriticism of psychiatric knowledge and reform of its practiceswere never entirely distinct. Expressing yourself not your strong point? Of course, this doesnt necessarily mean you have trouble getting along with others. Humor Int. Acta Psychol. doi: 10.1177/0022022108321177, Thorson, J. Even psychotherapy, they suggest, can only change feelings in as much as it helps a person to change the "proximal" and "distal" influences on their life, which range from family and friends, to the workplace, socio-economics, politics and culture. Relat. Many of the above issues lead to the claim that psychiatry is a pseudoscience. [82] This has not been shown to be directly related to the therapeutic use of stimulants, but to neuroleptics. (2018). Psychol. Humor Res. Shy Westerners who were low on perceived social competence tended to use less affiliative humor and more self-defeating humor (Fitts et al., 2009). In the late nineteenth century, Freud (1928) regarded humor as a defense mechanism against obstacles and distress. [62]:13 Mental disorders engender ontological skepticism on three levels: In the scientific and academic literature on the definition or classification of mental disorder, one extreme argues that it is entirely a matter of value judgements (including of what is normal) while another proposes that it is or could be entirely objective and scientific (including by reference to statistical norms). Mediation and moderation effects of the quality of social relationships and emotion regulation ability on happiness. Increased legal and professional protections, and a merging with human rights and disability rights movements, added to anti-psychiatry theory and action. Anxiety is an emotion which is characterized by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil and includes feelings of dread over anticipated events. [31] There was also increasing opposition to the large-scale use of psychiatric hospitals and institutions, and attempts were made to develop services in the community. 63, 13361343. Aggression humor is maladaptive in terms of bringing mental health benefits, as it may deter adjustment and resilience and cause attachment avoidance, lower self-esteem, loneliness, aggression, and maladjustment in the family (e.g., Martin et al., 2003; Kuiper et al., 2004; Kazarian and Martin, 2006; Cann et al., 2008). Int. doi: 10.1515/HUMOR.2006.020, Kellner, R., and Benedek, M. (2017). Essentially, our appraisal of a situation causes an emotional, or affective, response that is going to be based on that appraisal. Child Dev. Psychol. 127, 504519. Humor Res. Besides, different philosophies exist in Western culture (Collins, 2016), and these philosophies could impact how Westerners perceive and use humor, as well as humor and psychological well-being relationship. (2010b) and Yue and Hiranandani (2014). Critics of this view, however, from an anti-psychiatry perspective, are quick to point to the industrial aspects of psychiatric treatment itself as a primary causal factor in this situation that is described as "deteriorating". (2016). Sense of humor: Americans vs. Taiwanese. doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.10.001, Cheung, C. K., and Yue, X. D. (2013). Humor styles, optimism, and their relationships with distress among undergraduates in three Chinese cities. (2008). The decentralized movement has been active in various forms for two centuries. It is true when collectivism that stresses harmony and interdependence dominates in Eastern culture. Genetic and family origins of humor preferences: a twin study. (1993). In book: Handbook of Child Psychology (6th edition): Social, emotional, and personality development. 16, 4354. [42] The French sociologist and philosopher Foucault, in his 1961 publication Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason, analyzed how attitudes towards those deemed "insane" had changed as a result of changes in social values. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.54.9.741, Priest, R. F., and Swain, J. E. (2002). [113] In the same vein as the separation of church and state, Szasz believes that a solid wall must exist between psychiatry and the State. (2019), there has been a general increase in individualism and a decrease in collectivism all over the globe. Besides, different cultures interpret specific types of humor differently, which influences how humor is used in different cultural backgrounds. Some within the anti-psychiatry movement are critical of the use of diagnosis at all as it conforms with the biomedical model, seen as illegitimate. doi: 10.2466/07.02.PR0.115c18z6, Yue, X. D., Wong, A. Y. M., and Hiranandani, N. A. The Soteria houses closed in 1983 in the United States due to lack of financial support[citation needed]. (2020). doi: 10.1515/humr.15.4.365. Introverts hate socializing, extroverts are happier, and apparently we can't get along? Introversion and social engagement: Scale validation, their interaction, and positive association with self-esteem. Mindess, H., Miller, C., Turek, J., Bender, A., and Corbin, S. (1985). Researchers theorized this may have something to do with risk avoidance. John Read and Bruce E. Levine have advanced the idea of socioeconomic status as a significant factor in the development and prevention of mental disorders such as schizophrenia and have noted the reach of pharmaceutical companies through industry sponsored websites as promoting a more biological approach to mental disorders, rather than a comprehensive biological, psychological and social model. Critics contend that Westernized, white, male-dominated psychiatric practices and diagnoses disadvantage and misunderstand those from other groups. Sympathy is the perception of, understanding of, and reaction to the distress or need of another life form. This page was last edited on 28 October 2022, at 12:01. Introverts have social anxiety. As one Swiss psychiatrist stated: "A not so easy question to be answered is whether it should be allowed to destroy lives objectively 'unworthy of living' without the expressed request of its bearers. Social anxiety is fairly common, occurring in as much as 13% of the population, and can be extremely disabling. Freud, S. (1960/1905). To be or not to be humorous? 7, 111126. Although Chinese students tend to appreciate and use humor less than Western students do, Chinese are still more likely to embrace adaptive humor styles, which have the greatest influence on their mental health, while maladaptive humor styles are less influential. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Berlin 1992, Defoe, Daniel (1697). [need quotation to verify] While saying he shared some of their critique of the psychiatric system, Szasz compared their views on the social causes of distress/deviance to those of anti-capitalist anti-colonialists who claimed that Chilean poverty was due to plundering by American companies, a comment Szasz made not long after a CIA-backed coup had deposed the democratically elected Chilean president and replaced him with Pinochet. Henry Nasrallah claims that while he believes anti-psychiatry consists of many historical exaggerations based on events and primitive conditions from a century ago, "antipsychiatry helps keep us honest and rigorous about what we do, motivating us to relentlessly seek better diagnostic models and treatment paradigms. A schism exists among those critical of conventional psychiatry between radical abolitionists and more moderate reformists. Nevertheless, a total of 83 patients out of 193 were believed by at least one staff member to be actors. [106]:502 Werner Best, Reinhard Heydrich's deputy, stated that the task of the police was "to root out all symptoms of disease and germs of destruction that threatened the political health of the nation [In addition to Jews,] most [of the germs] were weak, unpopular and marginalized groups, such as gypsies, homosexuals, beggars, 'antisocials', 'work-shy', and 'habitual criminals'. Humor is a universal phenomenon but is also culturally tinted. Overall, while antipsychiatry as a movement may have become an anachronism by this period and was no longer led by eminent psychiatrists, it has been argued that it became incorporated into the mainstream practice of mental health disciplines. Introverts generally: Most commonly acknowledged signs of introversion dont come from the actual definition of introversion which is, basically, a lack of extroversion. The end result? Your genetic makeup, or traits inherited from your biological parents, plays a key role in determining where you fall on the personality continuum. doi: 10.1002/per.505, Kazarian, S. S., and Martin, R. A. Beyond concerns about effectiveness, anti-psychiatry might question the philosophical and ethical underpinnings of psychotherapy and psychoactive medication, seeing them as shaped by social and political concerns rather than the autonomy and integrity of the individual mind. (2002). doi: 10.1080/00221300109598904. What more important, in the future, researchers should develop a reliable, well-established, having good psychometric property humor style scale within Eastern cultural background instead of direct translation. Wei M. (2020). Humor and mental health, in Encyclopedia of Mental Health, ed. 11, 216220. Similarly, Hong Kong students reported more use of aggressive and self-defeating humor and less use of affiliative and self-enhancing humor than mainland Chinese students (e.g., Yue et al., 2010a, 2014b; Yue X. D. et al., 2016). However, those actively and openly challenging the fundamental ethics and efficacy of mainstream psychiatric practice remained marginalized within psychiatry, and to a lesser extent within the wider mental health community. Behav. As suggested by Cai et al. The rise of anti-psychiatry in Italy was described by one observer as simply "a transfer of psychiatric control from those with medical knowledge to those who possessed socio-political power".[38]. The main representative of the critique of the basis of psychiatry is an Italian physician, Giorgio Antonucci, the founder of the non-psychiatric approach to psychological suffering, who posited that the "essence of psychiatry lies in an ideology of discrimination".[137]. Called "The Bonnie Burstow Scholarship in Antipsychiatry", it is to be awarded annually to an OISE thesis student. On the contrary, Easterners attitudes toward humor are not that positive. (2007). On the one hand, humor serves as a catharsis for negative energy (Freud, 1960/1905). [78]:14 These programmes are intended to identify children and young people with divergent behavioral patterns and thinking and send them to treatment before their supposed mental diseases develop. [106]:515, Faced with the problem of "madness", Western individualism proved to be ill-prepared to defend the rights of the individual: modern man has no more right to be a madman than medieval man had a right to be a heretic because if once people agree that they have identified the one true God, or Good, it brings about that they have to guard members and nonmembers of the group from the temptation to worship false gods or goods. Cooper used the term "anti-psychiatry" in 1967, and wrote the book Psychiatry and Anti-psychiatry in 1971. 36, 353364. specific interventions for social anxiety and social phobias reviewed. The trait is characterized by "a tendency to 'pause to check' in novel situations, greater sensitivity to subtle stimuli, and the engagement of deeper cognitive People with higher levels of extroversion tend to: Since introversion lies on the other end of the spectrum, it tends to have the opposite characteristics. One remarkable example of psychiatric diagnosis being used to reinforce cultural bias and oppress dissidence is the diagnosis of drapetomania. An additional 200,000 were euthanized. [5] Thomas Szasz introduced the definition of mental illness as a myth in the book The Myth of Mental Illness (1961), Giorgio Antonucci introduced the definition of psychiatry as a prejudice in the book I pregiudizi e la conoscenza critica alla psichiatria (1986). Sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) is a temperamental or personality trait involving "an increased sensitivity of the central nervous system and a deeper cognitive processing of physical, social and emotional stimuli". Introverts, his basic definition said, prefer minimally stimulating environments, and they need time alone to recharge. The first is valuing humor but considering themselves to lack the trait of humor. [9] Alternatives were developed, led in different regions by ex-patient staff, physicians themselves in some cases, and religious and lay philanthropists. Saving face is one of the Chinese ambivalence to humor and could assist practitioners in using to E. ( 2002 ) more about others, which influences how humor styles,,. To differentiate mental disorders were indistinguishable from those with expertise harms associated with self-esteem should work on this is. To further our understanding of the Chinese ambivalence to humor and psychological well-being withdrawal, and,. 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