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Elongation continues until all of the codons are read. 8:816398. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.816398. Virology 385, 245260. (1991). Termination of Translation. Neisseria Meningitidis Translation Elongation Factor P and its Active-Site Arginine Residue Are Essential for Cell Viability. doi:10.1007/s00726-009-0408-7, Park, M. H., Wolff, E. C., Smit-McBride, Z., Hershey, J. W., and Folk, J. E. (1991). Sci. The substrate concentration at half, The three dimensional structures of EF-P, eIF5A, and tRNA are similar. Zaher HS, Green R. Fidelity at the molecular level: lessons from protein synthesis. 10.3389/fonc.2015.00075 The Elongation Factor 3 Unique in Higher Fungi and Essential for Protein Biosynthesis Is an E Site Factor. Mol. In vivo, invitro and in silico: an open space for the development of microbe-based applications of synthetic biology. Genet. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddu273, Zhang, Y., Romero, H., Salinas, G., and Gladyshev, V. N. (2006). Translation Elongation Factor eEF1A2 Is a Potential Oncoprotein that Is Overexpressed in Two-Thirds of Breast Tumours. METTL13 Methylation of eEF1A Increases Translational Output to Promote Tumorigenesis. 7, R94. Genomic Med. Notes. During elongation, RNA polymerase "walks" along one strand of DNA, known as the template strand, in the 3' to 5' direction. Structural Basis for Dynamic Interdomain Movement and RNA Recognition of the Selenocysteine-specific Elongation Factor SelB. mBio. Acad. EF-P; eIF5a; proline; ribosome pausing; translation. Posted Jun 22, 2020. J. Bacteriol. Proc. 101, 531544. Int. Soc. Elongation Factor 2 Kinase Is Regulated by Proline Hydroxylation and Protects Cells during Hypoxia. Microbiol. Translational elongation factors are proteins that play two important roles during the elongation cycle of protein biosynthesis on the ribosome. Acta (Bba) - Mol. 1) EF-Tu. Mechanism of Tetracycline Resistance by Ribosomal protection Protein Tet(O). Pathol. (2014). Mol. Translational Control in Aging and Neurodegeneration. Curr. Keywords: Sci. Dis. (2014). Upon aligning with the A site, these stop codons are recognized by release factors in prokaryotes and eukaryotes that instruct peptidyl transferase to add a water molecule to the carboxyl end of the P-site amino acid. Author Summary Plus-stranded RNA viruses are important pathogens of plants, animals and humans. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Cell 35, 502510. Microbiol. They assist in elongating the nascent polypeptide chain by one amino acid at a time. Epub 2013 Dec 30. doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)39594-7, Margus, T., Remm, M., and Tenson, T. (2007). Epub 2018 Oct 8. Rev. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043468, Proud, C. G. (2019). Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Chem. When a stop codon is reached then instead of an amino acid,a termination factor comes and binds to this codon. Biophys. Analysis of [, EF-P promotes translation of poly-proline stretches. During the translation process, elongation factors are required to bring new tRNA to the A-site and also in the shifting of tRNA from the A-site to the P-site. Int. Roles of the Early Genes of Bacteriophage T7 in Shutoff of Host Macromolecular Synthesis. against the identity score. Translation elongation factors perform critical functions in protein synthesis in all domains of life, including the delivery of aminoacyl-tRNAs into the ribosome, and the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the ribosomal A-site to the ribosomal P-site. The .gov means its official. 2004; Gao . Biochim. 2013 Feb 8;288(6):4416-23. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M112.438879. doi:10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.05.002, McAllister, W. T., and Barrett, C. L. (1977). Elucidating the molecular mechanisms, which orchestrate these processes, is therefore crucial for the discovery of new therapeutic targets. Annu. J. 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(2009). doi:10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033420, Yamamoto, H., Qin, Y., Achenbach, J., Li, C., Kijek, J., Spahn, C. M. T., et al. doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-113009-092313, Wang, X., Xie, J., and Proud, C. (2017). doi:10.1073/pnas.1819682116, Satoh, M., Tanaka, T., Kushiro, A., Hakoshima, T., and Tomita, K.-i. Rev. 500, 137143. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Elongation Factor 4 (EF4/LepA) Accelerates Protein Synthesis at Increased Mg2+ Concentrations. Natl. Annu. Front Mol Biosci. Detection and Mapping of Amplified DNA Sequences in Breast Cancer by Comparative Genomic Hybridization. 1849, 836844. 23, 55795596. doi:10.1126/scisignal.2002718, Kumar, V., Chen, Y., Ero, R., Ahmed, T., Tan, J., Li, Z., et al. Elongation Factor 2 and Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein Control the Dynamic Translation of Arc/Arg3.1 Essential for mGluR-LTD. Neuron 59, 7083. aa-tRNA, aminoacyl-tRNA; EF, elongation factor; IF, initiation factor; RF, release factor; RRF, ribosome recycling factor. FOIA Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! doi:10.1073/pnas.1019383108, Leprivier, G., Remke, M., Rotblat, B., Dubuc, A., Mateo, A.-R. F., Kool, M., et al. Int. Translation elongation is a key step of protein synthesis, during which the nascent polypeptide chain extends by one amino acid residue during one elongation cycle. J. Biol. (2020). (2015). Crystal structures of M. tuberculosis elongation factors EF-Tu and EF-Ts in complex and GDP-bound Ef-Tu reveal the molecular basis of EF-Tu's representative recycling and inactive forms in . First, elongation factors are involved in bringing aminoacyl-transfer RNA to the ribosome during protein synthesis. Elongation factors are a set of proteins that function at the ribosome, during protein synthesis, to facilitate translational elongation from the formation of the first to the last peptide bond of a growing polypeptide. Translation Elongation Factor eEF1A1 Is a Novel Partner of a Multifunctional Protein Sgt1. 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Mech. doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(01)00238-6, Stahl, S., da Silva Mateus Seidl, A. R., Ducret, A., Kux van Geijtenbeek, S., Michel, S., Racek, T., et al. Accomodation of the, Methylation of eEF1A and the role of eEF1AK55me2 mediated translational control in tumorigenesis., Regulation mechanism of eEF2 phosphorylation. Biochemistry 58, 49975010. 38, 11721201. 109, 1381713822. elongation factors; expression; regulation; translation; tumorigenesis. Natl. W. Quaedvlieg (Creator) M. Binder (Creator) J.Z. The polypeptide elongation cycle proceeds in three steps: (1) EF-Tu binds GTP and aminoacyl-tRNA, which leads to the codon-dependent placement of this aminoacyl-tRNA at the A site of the ribosome, GTP hydrolysis, and release of EF-Tu-GDP from the ribosome; (2) EF-Ts (elongation factor Ts) facilitates the exchange of EF . Mol. Sci. doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2006.00266.x, Park, J.-H., Johansson, H. E., Aoki, H., Huang, B. X., Kim, H.-Y., Ganoza, M. C., et al. Chem. 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Expression of METTL13 and eEF1AK55me2 are upregulated in cancer, and negatively correlate with the survival of pancreatic and lung cancer patient. Natl. Elongation factors play a role in orchestrating the events of this process, and in ensuring the high accuracy translation at these speeds. Structure of BipA in GTP Form Bound to the Ratcheted Ribosome. (2015). 3 What is the function of elongation factor EF tu? macromolecules 92, 401415. -, Andersen C. B. F., Becker T., Blau M., Anand M., Halic M., Balar B., et al. Competition between Rho and NusA fragments for the overlapping binding site(s) in the untranslated region is indicated. Phosphorylation and Signal Transduction Pathways in Translational Control. (2018). Sci. Most common elongation factors in prokaryotes are EF-Tu, EF-Ts, EF-G. EF-Tu (elongation factor thermo unstable) is a prokaryotic elongation factor responsible for catalyzing the binding of an aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) to the ribosome. (2014). This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Analysis of the dynamicBacillus Subtilis Ser/Thr/Tyr Phosphoproteome Implicated in a Wide Variety of Cellular Processes. 10. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a032664, Rodnina, M. V., Gromadski, K. B., Kothe, U., and Wieden, H.-J. Structure 15, 577586. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Mol. doi:10.1038/nrmicro3176, Yanagisawa, T., Takahashi, H., Suzuki, T., Masuda, A., Dohmae, N., and Yokoyama, S. (2016). What is the role of the elongation factor? [3] J. Proteome Res. Stringent Response Protein as a Potential Target to Intervene Persistent Bacterial Infection. Zarechenskaia AS, Sergiev PV, Osterman IA. Signal. There are three types of elongation factors in prokaryotes: EF-Tu, EF-G, and EF-Ts. Genome Res. doi:10.1002/wrna.1628, Skogerson, L., and Engelhardt, D. (1977). 12, 89100. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2009.06.028, Ude, S., Jrgen, L., Starosta, A. L., Kraxenberger, T., Wilson, D. N., and Jung, K. (2013). Cell Biol 19, 526541. J. Biol. 95, 224228. Composition and Evolution of the Vertebrate and Mammalian Selenoproteomes. (2014). The mechanism of elongation plays a critical role in. Bullwinkle TJ, Zou SB, Rajkovic A, Hersch SJ, Elgamal S, Robinson N, Smil D, Bolshan Y, Navarre WW, Ibba M. J Biol Chem. D365 Operations-Technical; D365 Operations - Finance; Microsoft Dynamics 365 Trade and Distribution Training; D365 Production Planning doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0491-3, Xin, H., Woriax, V., Burkhart, W., and Spremulli, L. L. (1995). Overview; Special protein factors for Initiation. Schematic of the bacterial elongation cycle. Biol. Proc. The cell part where translation takes place is the ribosomes . PoxA, yjeK, and Elongation Factor P Coordinately Modulate Virulence and Drug Resistance in Salmonella enterica. 108, 1622316228. Acad. Embo j 24, 43164323. Translation Elongation Factor EF-P Alleviates Ribosome Stalling at Polyproline Stretches. Molecular Mechanism for the Control of Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 2 Kinase by pH: Role in Cancer Cell Survival. 1 How many elongation factors are there in translation? 11, 10451057. Sequencing of the Tuf1 Gene and the Phosphorylation Pattern of EF-Tu1 during Development and Differentiation in Streptomyces Collinus Producing Kirromycin. Biol. Cancer 142, 18651877. What do elongation factors do? (2007). Initiation Factor (IF) Elongation (EF) and; Termination (release factors), as well as; GTP, are required for each stage; (2015). Rep. 6, 35100. doi:10.1038/srep35100, Lukash, T. O., Turkivska, H. V., Negrutskii, B. S., and Elskaya, A. V. (2004). (2012). Cold Spring Harb Perspect. Structural Basis of the Translational Elongation Cycle. In prokaryotes, four elongation factors are required for translation: EF-Tu, EF-Ts, EF-G and EF-P. WikiMatrix Without elongation factor 2, eukaryotic cells cannot synthesize proteins and necrotise. Pages 12 Ratings 100% (5) 5 out of 5 people found this document helpful; Acta (Bba) - Gen. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. Mech. (2010). 8600 Rockville Pike Biochem. Chem. It starts with the binding of the second aminoacyl-tRNA at the A-site. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07046.x, Shan, X., Yanping, W., Yuwen, M., Jue, L., Cane, T., Aiping, D., et al. [2] Elongation is the most rapid step in translation. The translation is one example of a step in which elongation occurs. MeSH doi:10.1038/s41580-018-0011-4, Schuller, A. P., Wu, C. C.-C., Dever, T. E., Buskirk, A. R., and Green, R. (2017). Translation elongation factors perform critical functions in protein synthesis in all domains of life, . doi:10.1016/j.virol.2008.11.041, Lippmann, C., Lindschau, C., Vijgenboom, E., Schrder, W., Bosch, L., and Erdmann, V. A. Biochem. Nat. What is the function of elongation factor EF tu? Dothideomycetidae translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF) gene, partial cds. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal During elongation, elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu, eEF1A in eukaryotes) is used to deliver aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) to the A-site of the ribosome, and elongation factor G (EF-G . Mol. The substrate concentration at half of the maximal acceptor activity in the peptidyl-transferase reaction with the donor fMet-tRNA, The three dimensional structures of EF-P, eIF5A, and tRNA are similar. doi:10.1038/nature08034, Sajid, A., Arora, G., Gupta, M., Singhal, A., Chakraborty, K., Nandicoori, V. K., et al. Loss of Elongation Factor P Disrupts Bacterial Outer Membrane Integrity. 285, 2120921213. Translation in Prokaryotes. (2012). Elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), when bound to GTP, brings aa-tRNA to the ribosome during the elongation phase of translation. Nat. eIF5A and EF-P: two unique translation factors are now traveling the same road. The activation of transcription factor subunits is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerases. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.01.029, Xie, J., Mikolajek, H., Pigott, C. R., Hooper, K. J., Mellows, T., Moore, C. E., et al. Mol. 11. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a032896, Rodnina, M. V. (2018). The Biosynthesis and Biological Function of Diphthamide. (2016). Sci. Natl. The elongation test does not apply to dimensions less than 6.3 mm. Oncol. FEBS Lett. EF-Tu brings aminoacylated transfer RNAs (aa-tRNAs) to the ribosome. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Structural and biochemical studies have described the complex interactions needed to effect canonical function. 2009 May 7;459(7243):118-21. doi: 10.1038/nature08034. Characterization of the Lep Operon of Escherichia coli. Lys34 of Translation Elongation Factor eF-P Is Hydroxylated by YfcM. (2007). J. Biol. Biochem. An official website of the United States government. What Recent Ribosome Structures Have Revealed about the Mechanism of Translation. Acad. 44, 14611469. Single-cell Transcriptomic Profiling of the Aging Mouse Brain. Role of OVCA1/DPH1 in Craniofacial Abnormalities of Miller-Dieker Syndrome. Translational Control in Cancer. (2015). They replicate in the infected cells by assembling viral replicase complexes consisting of viral- and host-coded proteins. J. Biol. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2015.10.026, Ogle, J. M., Murphy, F. V., Tarry, M. J., and Ramakrishnan, V. (2002). doi:10.1128/jb.182.10.2741-2745.2000, Saini, P., Eyler, D. E., Green, R., and Dever, T. E. (2009). Cell 127, 721733. (2002). Nature 423, 181185. B., Leung, A. S., Buranyi, S., et al. In particular, while EF-P was thought to potentiate the formation of the first peptide bond in a protein, it is now broadly accepted to act throughout translation elongation. Rev. Rev. ATPase Strongly Bound to Higher Eukaryotic Ribosomes. An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. Second, an elongation factor is involved in translocation, the . Cancer Res. Crit. the analysis of the molecular and structural basis of this process has shown that it is accomplished by the combined actions of the ribosome and a number of ancillary proteins such as initiation, elongation, and termination factors. The elongation index is found by separating the elongation particles and expressing their mess as a percentage of the mass of sample tested. Chem. (2015). Rev. Natl. 4, 6070. 287, 25792590. Rev. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2006.01.010, Liu, S., Bachran, C., Gupta, P., Miller-Randolph, S., Wang, H., Crown, D., et al. eEF1A: Thinking outside the Ribosome. Biol. doi:10.1016/j.jbior.2014.04.003, Khacho, M., Mekhail, K., Pilon-Larose, K., Pause, A., Ct, J., and Lee, S. (2008). Arginine-rhamnosylation as New Strategy to Activate Translation Elongation Factor P. Nat. MBoC 19, 52965308. Mol. Translation Factor LepA Contributes to Tellurite Resistance in Escherichia coli but Plays No Apparent Role in the Fidelity of Protein Synthesis. Sci. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.1.224, Lam, F. F., Jankova, L., Dent, O. F., Molloy, M. P., Kwun, S. Y., Clarke, C., et al. Biochimie 92, 157163. Translation elongation factor P (EF-P) is conserved in all three domains of life (called eIF5A and aIF5A in eukaryotes and archaea, respectively) and functions to alleviate ribosome pausing during the translation of specific sequences, including consecutive proline residues. Biophysical Res. Each corresponding amino acid is added to the growing chain and linked via a bond called a peptide bond. Two Novel Methyltransferases Acting upon Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 1A in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.04.055, Lvine, A., Vannier, F., Absalon, C., Kuhn, L., Jackson, P., Scrivener, E., et al. (2005). government site. 193, 53475358. 265, 19031912. (1991). (1993). Cell Res. Mol. doi:10.1002/pmic.200500352, Li, W., Atkinson, G. C., Thakor, N. S., Allas, ., Lu, C.-c., Chan, K.-Y., et al. 2018 Jan 16;9(1):e02143-17. Biochem. 6, 15421560. Utilization of Selenocysteine in Early-Branching Fungal Phyla. Y98 Mutation Leads to the Loss of RsfS Anti-Association Activity in. Methylation of Translation Elongation Factor 1A by the METTL10-like See1 Methyltransferase Facilitates Tombusvirus Replication in Yeast and Plants. Biochem. These are termed EF-Tu, EF-Ts, and EF-G. What are the elongation factors in translation that binds to GTP or GDP? official website and that any information you provide is encrypted (2008). PLoS One 11, e0147907. (2015). (2019). doi:10.1074/jbc.270.35.20473, Tsuboi, M., Morita, H., Nozaki, Y., Akama, K., Ueda, T., Ito, K., et al. Overexpression of Eukaryotic Elongation Factor eEF2 in Gastrointestinal Cancers and its Involvement in G2/M Progression in the Cell Cycle. Biosci. FOIA Natl. Nat. 34, 11811189. J. Biol. Cell 176 (3), 491504. Chem. Mol. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.73.030403.080419, Kemper, W. M., Berry, K. W., and Merrick, W. C. (1976). Elongation Factors: Translation D. Hughes, in Reference Module in Life Sciences, 2017 Abstract Translation elongation factors perform critical functions in protein synthesis in all domains of life, including the delivery of aminoacyl-tRNAs into the ribosome, and the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the ribosomal A-site to the ribosomal P-site. doi:10.1002/yea.1641, Mateyak, M. K., and Kinzy, T. G. (2013). Targeting the Polyamine-Hypusine Circuit for the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer. J. Biochem. (2015). Cell 70, 95105. The site is secure. 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A) in vivo -galactosidase activity of translational, EF-P, eIF5A and aIF5A are post-translationally modified. Natl. Received: 16 November 2021; Accepted: 20 December 2021;Published: 19 January 2022. The translation process takes place in three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. 22, 16961708. Translation elongation factors are the workhorses of protein synthesis on the ribosome. Increased METTL13 and eEF1AK55me2 promotes Ras-driven tumorigenesis. Acad. Nature 461, 12341242. J. Bacteriol. Translation elongation factors are the workhorses of protein synthesis on the ribosome. BipA Is Required for Growth of Escherichia coli K12 at Low Temperature. Cancers (Basel) 9. doi:10.3390/cancers9120162, Wang, Y., Jiang, Y., Meyering-Voss, M., Sprinzl, M., and Sigler, P. B. Translation-Synthesis of Proteins. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(91)81011-v, Savelsbergh, A., Mohr, D., Kothe, U., Wintermeyer, W., and Rodnina, M. V. (2005). Mol. Genome-wide Effects onEscherichia Colitranscription from ppGpp Binding to its Two Sites on RNA Polymerase. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. PLoS One 7, e43468. EF-Tu functions by binding an aminoacylated, or charged, tRNA molecule in the cytoplasm. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. This model posits that NTP substrates, elongation factors, and the conserved Rpb2 subunit fork loop 2 cooperate to regulate opening of the downstream transcription bubble. J. Biochem. 10.1038/nature05126 Virulence 2, 147151. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.254, Spahn, C. M. T., Blaha, G., Agrawal, R. K., Penczek, P., Grassucci, R. A., Trieber, C. A., et al. Two factors [EF-1 and EF-2] are used in chain elongation. doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40680-6, Song, G., Xu, B., Shi, H., Zhang, Y., Zhang, D., Cao, X., et al. Biol. (2020). Uploaded By BTBTIU12074. Copyright 2022 Xu, Liu and Song. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. doi:10.1073/pnas.2536857100, Kushwaha, G. S., Oyeyemi, B. F., and Bhavesh, N. S. (2019). 25, 12561267. Mutations in the chromodomain-like insertion of translation elongation factor 3 compromise protein synthesis through reduced ATPase activity. (2003). doi:10.1093/nar/gkp645, Vera, M., Pani, B., Griffiths, L. A., Muchardt, C., Abbott, C. M., Singer, R. H., et al. doi:10.1002/prca.200900084, Lam, W. W. K., Millichap, J. J., Soares, D. C., Chin, R., McLellan, A., FitzPatrick, D. R., et al. A). sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The Role of Translation Control in Tumorigenesis and its Therapeutic Implications. J Biol Chem. aa-tRNA, aminoacyl-tRNA; EF, elongation factor; IF, initiation factor;, Schematic of the bacterial elongation cycle. doi:10.1126/science.1228985, Van Dyke, N., Pickering, B. F., and Van Dyke, M. W. (2009). The translation process requires mRNA, rRNA, ribosomes, 20 kinds of amino acids and their specific tRNAs. Control of Phosphate Release from Elongation Factor G by Ribosomal Protein L7/12. EF-P alleviates ribosome pausing at consecutive proline residues. EF-Tu delivers aa-tRNA to the A-site of, Canonical and non-canonical functions of, Canonical and non-canonical functions of eEF1A. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Biol. Sci. (2019). Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Natl. Natl. Finally, it is thought that post-translational modification of EF-P is strictly required for its function but recent studies suggest that EF-P modification may play a more nuanced role in EF-P activity. 43, 328332. The elongation stage of translation deals with the process of the addition of amino acid carried by the transfer ribonucleic acids (t-RNA) to the growing end of the polypeptide chain with the help of the formation of the peptide bond till the involvement of codon that terminates the process. The Translation Elongation Factor eEF1A1 Couples Transcription to Translation during Heat Shock Response. Elongation in translation as a dynamic interaction among the ribosome, tRNA, and elongation factors EF-G and EF-Tu Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 December 2009 Xabier Agirrezabala and Joachim Frank Article Figures Metrics Rights & Permissions Abstract ADP-ribosylation of Translation Elongation Factor 2 by Diphtheria Toxin in Yeast Inhibits Translation and Cell Separation. Phylogenetic Distribution of Translational GTPases in Bacteria. Elongation factors are a set of proteins that function at the ribosome, during protein synthesis, to facilitate translational elongation from the formation of the first to the last peptide bond of a growing polypeptide. 1 - 3 the ribosome provides the machinery for translation, whereas the protein factors bring all the necessary Int. doi:10.1074/mcp.m900267-mcp200, Schuller, A. P., and Green, R. (2018). doi:10.1074/jbc.270.29.17243, Xu, C., Hu, D.-m., and Zhu, Q. (2010). Amino acids 38, 491500. 266, 79887994. Three types of elongation factors are built, in more-or-less similar form, by all living things. Sci. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2016.04.029, Rowe, S., Hodson, N., Griffiths, G., and Roberts, I. S. (2000). 4, 650656. Biochimie 114, 8089. (2005). Nat. doi:10.3892/ijo.2014.2318, Ose, T., Soler, N., Rasubala, L., Kuroki, K., Kohda, D., Fourmy, D., et al. In particular, we discussed the close link between translational factors and human diseases, and clarified how post-translational modifications control the activity of translational factors in tumors. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(02)01086-3, Ogle, J. M., and Ramakrishnan, V. (2005).
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